Network impairments

Propagation Delay:

• The Speed of Light Limitation

- Terrestrial Networks

+ DAN: Desk Area Networks ==> 3 m or 10ns

+ LAN: Local Area Networks ==> 3 Km or 10us

+ MAN: Metropolitan Area Networks ==> 300 Km or 1ms

+ NAN: National Area Networks ==> 3000 Km or 10ms

+ GAN: Global Area Networks ==> 10,000 Km or 30ms

{ NANs and GANs are typically called WANs Wide Area Networks }

- Satellite Networks ==> 300ms

- Errors

+ Random

+ Bursty